Topography
Topography is a branch of geodesy which deals with the measurement technique of a portion of Earth's shell, with determining the position of earth elements on small surfaces (considered flat), as well as graphical or numerical representation technique of the measured surfaces, for drawing up maps and plans; detailed description of a place in terms of placement, configuration, etc.; how elements of an ensemble are arranged in space.
3.2 Land Surveys
3.4 GPS Mesurements
3.6 GIS Applications
By their nature, engineering works, requiring knowledge of topographical characteristics of the ground for the design and planning works and topographic specialist assistance during the execution of these works.
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· Setting Out
· Utility Services Surveys
· Measured Building Surveys
· Dimensional Control and Monitoring
· Level Survey
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Land surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes.
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· Emplacement plans all scale
· Level Surveys
· Control Surveys
· Area Calculations
· Ground Modelling
o Digital Terrain Models – DTM
o Contours
o Long and Cross Sections
o Volume Calculations
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Such measurements are performed to achieve the situation plans of existing buildings being required in planning the future works or updating old plans.
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· Floor plans
· Elevations
· Cross/Long sections
· Roof plans
· Fixtures and fittings
· Space Planning
· Internal services surveys
· Net / Gross Internal / External Areas
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GPS measurement technique enabling the operator to determine the coordinates of points of interest with high precision, regardless of location, in a much shorter time compared to traditional techniques.
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· Possibility of fast and accurate determination of the X,Y coordinates
· Achievement and thickening of the support topographic networks
· Determination of the property boundaries
· Limitations of interest areas
· Monitoring of the movements in time
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Plans and maps conversion from digital support to classic support can be done by digitizing the characteristic features bringing though in a vector format with multiple possibilities of exploitation.
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· Digitization of cadastral and topographical plans and maps
· Vectoring civil and industrial projects
· Obtaining of maps with isolines
· Vectoring the communication lines on the raster maps
· Putting into coordinates of raster format topographical maps and plans on optical support
· 3D modeling of the digitized maps
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GIS applications enable the integration of graphics and text information in a geospatial database that becomes a powerful and effective tool in the management of multiple information involved in a large project. GIS applications enable the user to analyze and simulate various situations that implicitly depend on several factors (climatic, geological, altimetric, hydrogeological, etc.).
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· Procurement of GIS data by converting the existing data into a digital format
· Field procurement of the GIS data
· Different data conversion and their integration into the GIS system
· Updating the databases
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